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Power Supply and Electrical Equipment
Reduction of thermal degradation of photovoltaic solar panels due to forced convection cooling of the back surface
Author: Artur S. AvetisyanThis paper examines a practical method for reducing the negative impact of elevated operating temperatures on the efficiency of energy conversion by photovoltaic solar panels, which is an urgent task in the context of global warming and the desire to increase clean energy generation. The proposed approach is based on the integration of a cooling system with forced air convection, which uses high-volume and low-power energy-efficient fans. Fans are strategically placed to efficiently remove heat from the back of the panel, minimizing energy costs for cooling. The study analyzes in detail the relationship between the efficiency of the photovoltaic converter and the operating temperature, which makes it possible to quantify the effect of the temperature regime on the performance of the solar panel. The main focus is on the possibility of increasing productivity through active temperature control using the proposed cooling system. A rectangular air duct assembly has been developed, designed for easy and reliable installation directly on a solar panel. This module is integrated with a temperature sensor that provides real-time monitoring of the panel surface temperature. This makes it possible to intelligently activate cooling fans only in cases where the energy costs of their operation are offset by the expected increase in the efficiency of converting solar energy into electrical energy. It is assumed that the cost-benefit analysis will optimize the operating mode of the cooling system to achieve maximum clean energy generation
Keywords: energy conversion, photovoltaic solar panels, cooling system, forced convection, energy-efficient fans, heat dissipationFormation of integrated electronics elements with submicron dimensions
Authors: Mustafaev Marat G., Mustafaeva Dzhamilya G., Mustafaev Gusein A.As the complexity of electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles increases, so do the functional complexities of integrated circuits used in electrical equipment, leading to increased packaging density and the formation of submicron-sized components. The creation of integrated circuits with submicron dimensions (tens of nanometers) corresponds to micro- and nanoelectronics technologies. When forming integrated components and new device structures, materials with advanced properties and new capabilities (ferroelectrics, ferromagnets, etc.) and microfilm technologies are used, which is essential for the production of submicron-sized components. The selection of appropriate materials and methods for producing thin films is crucial. Physical methods for producing films are based on target sputtering (magnetron, ion, and electron beam). Film formation by magnetron sputtering is determined by the following processes: formation of a reproducible layer, stability, nucleation, and film growth on the substrate surface. The use of nanoscale ferroelectric films in memory and controlled devices is possible through optimization of the component composition and the selection of materials with highly uniform film structure. Films of soft magnetic alloys are used in the production of integrated circuits, magnetic field sensors, and magnetic data storage devices. Thin films are produced using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which maintains the stoichiometric ratio of the elements. This has led to a shift to low-temperature processes and improved device structure quality. The use of plasma processes allows for lower substrate temperatures, high-quality coatings, and high growth rates
Keywords: integrated circuit, submicron size, film technology, method, formation, device, structureTrends in the Development of Electronics and Electrical Equipment in Vehicles
Statistical experimental study of the traction electric motor of the DK-211BM type of urban electric transport
Authors: Igor A. Menshchikov, Andrey S. Kosmodamiansky, Daniil A. PashkinRelevance. The experiment is accompanied by a variety of uncontrollable factors that affect the outcome of the study. In electromechanical systems, the errors of measuring instruments, natural variations of objects, and random disturbances have a particularly significant impact. The accuracy of determining and recording changes in a specific control parameter, combined with optimal experimental planning, is crucial for obtaining objective conclusions. The purpose of the work. The development of a statistical experimental study of the DK-211BM traction electric motor for urban electric transport to analyze its operation in stable and unstable modes. Research methods. The main research method was simulation modeling, as well as the theories of electricity and electric machines. Results. A simulation model of the GS504A synchronous generator of the TEP-70 diesel locomotive has been created. Using this model, the generator's operation in stable and emergency modes during inter-phase short circuits has been analyzed. The results have been displayed on oscillograms and tabulated
Keywords: statistical experimental research, traction electric motor, simula-tion modelingModern technological processes, equipment, and materials
Improving the Energy Efficiency of the Power Supply System for Non-Traction Railway Consumers through the Implementation of Energy- and Resource-Saving Technologies
Author: Ryzhova Elena L.The article focuses on a pressing issue in the railway industry: how to efficiently use energy for non-traction-related needs of railways by applying energy- and resource-saving technologies. Of particular interest is the use of simulation modeling and energy routers, which are integrated into the railway's power supply system to make the power supply for non-traction consumers more sustainable and reliable. Such solutions not only maintain the voltage at a specified level, but also significantly reduce the negative consequences of accidents: they increase the reliability of supplying non-traction consumers, smooth out phase asymmetry and current waveform distortion, and promptly reduce deep voltage drops in emergency situations
Keywords: railway transport, railway power supply systems, non-traction railway consumers, energy efficiency, energy saving, energy-saving technologies, reliability of power supply, simulation modeling, energy routersQuality and reliability issues, certification, standardization
Methodology for Consolidating Telemetry Data Streams from Autonomous Refrigerated Wagons with the Automated Control Systems of Russian Railways (RZD)
Authors: Alexey V. ShevchenkoThe article presents a comprehensive methodology for consolidating the data flow from the telematics of autonomous refrigerated wagons (ARW) with information from automated accounting systems (ACS) JSC "Russian Railways". The methodology is structured as a sequence of interrelated stages: from auditing sources and designing a normalized logical model to implementing data storage, processing, and analysis. Special attention is paid to regulating processes, ensuring semantic consistency of data and creating mechanisms for verifying the integrity of the end-to-end information flow. The proposed approach makes it possible to overcome the fragmentation of the information field characteristic of complex transport systems and creates the basis for building a unified analytical platform for managing a fleet of Autonomous refrigerated wagons. The implementation of the methodology will ensure an increase in operational performance, automation of accounting procedures and the formation of a reliable base for predictive analytics
Keywords: methodology of data consolidation; telematics; autonomous refrigerated wagon (ARW); automated accounting system of JSC "Russian Railways" (ACS); integration of information systems, Data Fabric, ETL/ELTEfficiency of Power Plants with Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Ryzhova Elena L.The article is devoted to a practically significant topic – the analysis of approaches to the creation of efficient and reliable heat-exchange equipment based on finned pipes, which is in demand in industrial heat power engineering. The ways of intensification of heat exchange due to the change of geometry of the developed surfaces of heat-exchange devices, design solutions, principles of operation, efficiency criteria, calculation methods, implementation examples and limitations inherent to such devices are considered. The main way of increasing the intensity of heat transfer is the finning of the outer or inner wall of the bearing pipe. The paper identifies the key factors that determine the quality of heat exchange equipment, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of modern methods for manufacturing finned pipes. It also analyzes the impact of the configuration of flat fins and the angle of their bending on the thermal performance of a finned heat exchanger
Keywords: heat exchange apparatus made of finned pipes, fin configuration, fin bending angle, improved heat transfer, friction resistance coefficient, and fin pitchEnvironment and Traffic Safety
Analysis of international approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of intelligent transportation systems
Authors: Davydov Rostislav D., Petrykin Vladislav O., Toropov Nikolai Y., Zhuravlev Anton D.In the last decade, the pace of deploying intelligent transportation systems on the highways of the Russian Federation has accelerated, requiring the development of a methodology to evaluate their efficiency and automate monitoring and management processes. The article aims to provide a critical review of international experience in this field applicable to our country. The research is necessitated by the current lack of domestic tools to monitor the performance of intelligent transportation systems. To this end, the authors closely analyzed the tools and approaches used by the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Transport Forum, and the relevant agencies of the United States and China. The authors conclude that existing global methodologies are fragmented and predominantly rely on expert assessments. The analytical framework developed during the study serves as a foundation for creating a domestic system to evaluate the efficiency of intelligent transportation systems
Keywords: intelligent transportation system, efficiency, analysis, evaluation, road transport infrastructure